Overview
Bio Mass
1.
INTRODUCTION
Biomass has always been an
important energy source for the country considering the benefits it
offers. It is renewable, widely available, carbon-neutral and has the
potential to provide significant employment in the rural areas. Biomass
is also capable of providing firm energy. About 32% of the total primary
energy use in the country is still derived from biomass and more than 70% of
the country’s population depends upon it for its energy needs. Ministry
of New and Renewable Energy has realised the potential and role of biomass
energy in the Indian context and hence has initiated a number of programmes for
promotion of efficient technologies for its use in various sectors of the
economy to ensure derivation of maximum benefits. For efficient utilization
of biomass, bagasse based cogeneration in sugar mills and biomass power
generation have been taken up under biomass power and cogeneration programme.
Biomass
power & cogeneration programme is
implemented with the main objective of promoting technologies for optimum use
of country’s biomass resources for grid power generation. Biomass
materials used for power generation include bagasse, rice husk, straw, cotton
stalk, coconut shells, soya husk, de-oiled cakes, coffee waste, jute wastes,
groundnut shells, saw dust etc.
2.
POTENTIAL
The current availability of biomass in India is estimated at about
500 million metric tonnes per year. Studies sponsored by the
Ministry has estimated surplus biomass availability at about 120-150 million
metric tonnes per annum covering agricultural and forestry residues
corresponding to a potential of about 18,000 MW. This apart, about 7000 MW additional power could be
generated through bagasse based cogeneration in the country’s 550 Sugar mills,
if these sugar mills were to adopt technically and economically optimal levels
of cogeneration for extracting power from the bagasse produced by them
3.
TECHNOLOGY
3.1 Combustion
The thermo chemical
processes for conversion of biomass to useful products involve combustion,
gasification or pyrolysis. The most commonly used route is combustion. The
advantage is that the technology used is similar to that of a thermal plant
based on coal, except for the boiler. The cycle used is the conventional
rankine cycle with biomass being burnt in high-pressure boiler to generate
steam and operating a turbine with the generated steam. The exhaust of the
steam turbine can either be fully condensed to produce power, or used partly or
fully for another useful heating activity. The latter mode is called
cogeneration. In India, cogeneration route finds application mainly in
industries.
3.2 Cogeneration In Sugar Mills
Sugar industry has been
traditionally practicing cogeneration by using bagasse as a fuel. With
the advancement in the technology for generation and utilization of steam at
high temperature and pressure, sugar industry can produce electricity and
steam for their own requirements. It can also produce significant surplus
electricity for sale to the grid using same quantity of bagasse. For
example, if steam generation temperature/pressure is raised from 400oC/33 bar to 485oC/66
bar, more than 80 KWh of additional electricity can be produced for each ton of
cane crushed. The sale of surplus power generated through optimum
cogeneration would help a sugar mill to improve its viability, apart from
adding to the power generation capacity of the country.
4.
DEPLOYMENT
The Ministry has been
implementing biomass power/co-generation programme since
mid-nineties. Over 500 biomass
power and bagasse cogeneration projects aggregating to 9806 MW capacity has been installed
in the country for feeding power to the grid. States which have
taken leadership position in implementation of bagasse cogeneration
projects are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Andhra
Pradesh. The leading States for biomass power projects are Chhattisgarh, Madhya
Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu.
5.
CENTRAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE AND FISCAL INCENTIVES
5.1 CFA
for Biomass Power Project and Bagasse Cogeneration Projects by
Private/Joint/Coop./Public Sector Sugar Mills
Project Type |
Capital Subsidy |
Biomass Bagasse Co-generation Projects |
Rs.25 lakh X (C* MW) |
Biomass (Non-Bagasse) Co-generation projects |
Rs.50 lakh X (C** MW) |
**Installed Capacity*Surplus Exportable Capacity
Note: CFA is
subject to change.
6. Current Status
A total capacity of 10145 MW has been installed in Biomass Power and Cogeneration Sector.
Installed Capacity of Biomass IPP – 1826 MW
Installed Capacity of Bagasse Cogeneration – 7547 MW
Installed Capacity of Non-Bagasse Cogeneration - 772 MW
State-wise break up is given below:-
State-wise Installed Capacity of Biomass IPP/Bagasse Cogeneration/Non-Bagasse Cogeneration in India as on 31.10.2020 (information as received from SNAs)
Name of State/UT |
Biomass IPP (In MW) |
Bagasse
Cogeneration (In MW) |
Non-Bagasse (In MW) |
Cumulative Installed Capacity (as on 31.12.2019) |
Andhra Pradesh |
171.2 |
206.9 |
105.57 |
483.67 |
Bihar |
12 |
100.5 |
12.2 |
124.7 |
Chhattisgarh |
222.4 |
20 |
2.5 |
244.9 |
Gujarat |
44.5 |
20.8 |
12 |
77.3 |
Haryana |
19.4 |
102 |
89.26 |
210.66 |
Karnataka |
137.3 |
1729.8 |
20.2 |
1887.3 |
Madhya Pradesh |
92.5 |
0 |
14.847 |
107.347 |
Maharashtra |
217 |
2351 |
16.4 |
2584.4 |
Punjab |
138.5 |
161 |
173.95 |
473.45 |
Rajasthan |
114.3 |
4.95 |
2 |
121.25 |
Tamilnadu |
218.7 |
750.4 |
43.55 |
1012.65 |
Telangana |
60.1 |
98 |
2 |
160.1 |
Uttrakhand |
0.12 |
72.6 |
57.5 |
130.22 |
Uttar Pradesh |
28 |
1929.5 |
159.76 |
2117.26 |
West Bengal |
300 |
- |
19.92 |
319.92 |
Odisha |
50.4 |
- |
8.82 |
59.22 |
Himachal Pradesh |
- |
- |
9.2 |
9.2 |
Kerala |
- |
- |
2.27 |
2.27 |
Meghalaya |
- |
- |
13.8 |
13.8 |
Jharkhand |
- |
- |
4.3 |
4.3 |
Assam |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
Manipur |
- |
- |
- |
0 |
Nagaland |
- |
- |
- |
0 |
Arunachal |
- |
- |
- |
0 |
Tripura |
- |
- |
- |
0 |
Sikkim |
- |
- |
- |
0 |
Mizoram |
- |
- |
- |
0 |
Goa |
- |
- |
- |
0 |
J & K |
- |
- |
- |
0 |
Total |
1826.42 |
7547.45 |
772.047 |
10145.917 |
There is ample potential of
setting up biogas plants considering the livestock population of 512.06
million, which includes about 300 million (299.98 million) total population of
bovines (comprising of cattle, buffalo, mithun and yak). The livestock sector
contributes about significantly to India’s GDP and will continue to increase.
The dissemination of biogas technology is a boon for Indian farmers with its
direct and collateral benefits.
2. The Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy promotes installation of biogas plants by implementing 2
Central Sector Schemes under Off-Grid/distributed and decentralized Renewable
Power. The two on going schemes are:
i. New
National Biogas and Organic Manure Programme (NNBOMP), for Biogas Plant size
ranging from 1 cu.m. to 25 cu.m. per day.
ii. Biogas
Power Generation (Off-grid) and Thermal energy application Programme (BPGTP),
for setting up biogas plants in the size range of 30 m3 to
2500 m3 per day, for
corresponding power generation capacity range of 3 kW to 250 kW from
biogas or raw biogas for thermal energy /cooling applications.
Biogas contains about 55-65 % of methane, 35- 44 % of carbon
dioxide and traces of other gases, such as Hydrogen Sulphide, Nitrogen and
Ammonia. Biogas, in its raw form, that is without any purification, can be used
as clean cooking fuel like LPG, lighting, motive power and generation of
electricity. It can be used in diesel engines to substitute diesel up to 80%
and up to 100% replacement of diesel by using 100% Biogas Engines. Further,
Biogas can be purified and upgraded up to 98% purity of methane content to make
it suitable to be used as a green and clean fuel for transportation or filling
in cylinders at high pressure of 250 bar or so and called as Compressed Bio-Gas
(CBG).
3.Initially, Biogas Plants were developed for digesting cattle
dung. However, over a period of time, technology has been developed for the
bio-methanation of various types of biomass materials and organic wastes.
Biogas plant designs are now available from 0.5 M3 to
1000 M3 unit size or more and
multiples of that can be installed for achieving higher Biogas Plant sizes,
depending upon availability of the raw material such as for family/ household,
small farmers, dairy farmers and for community, institutional and industrial/
commercial applications. The unit size of industrial and municipal wastes based
biogas plants may go up to 15000 M3 to
20000 M3 biogas production per
day.
4.Design and approved models:
For encouraging farmers to use nutrient enriched organic
bio-manure, the scheme also aims for value addition of the biogas plant slurry
by linking it with enrichment units such as vermicomposting, Phosphate Rich
Organic Manure (PROM) plants and other organic enrichment facilities as a
source of an additional income and saving in chemical fertilizers bills of
farmers.
6. Potential
and Achievement for Family/Small size Biogas plants from 1981-82 to 2018-19
under NPBD/NBMMP and NNBOMP.
Table-1
State/UT--wise estimated potential and cumulative
achievements for family type/ small biogas plants up to 2018-19 under the NPBD,
National Biogas and Manure Management Programme (NBMMP) and New National Biogas
and Organic Manure Programme (NNBOMP).
State/
Union Territories |
Estimated Potential ( Nos.
of Biogas Plants) |
Cumulative achievement up to 2018-19* (31/03/2019) (Nos.
of Biogas Plants) |
1 |
2 |
3 |
Andhra
Pradesh |
1065000 |
555294 |
Arunachal
Pradesh |
7500 |
3591 |
Assam |
307000 |
138423 |
Bihar |
733000 |
129905 |
Chhattisgarh |
400000 |
58908 |
Goa |
8000 |
4226 |
Gujarat |
554000 |
434995 |
Haryana |
300000 |
62825 |
Himachal
Pradesh |
125000 |
47680 |
Jammu
& Kashmir |
128000 |
3195 |
Jharkhand |
100000 |
7823 |
Karnataka |
680000 |
503935 |
Kerala |
150000 |
152019 |
Madhya
Pradesh |
1491000 |
373037 |
Maharashtra |
897000 |
918201 |
Manipur |
38000 |
2128 |
Meghalaya |
24000 |
10659 |
Mizoram |
5000 |
5838 |
Nagaland |
6700 |
7953 |
Odisha |
605000 |
271656 |
Punjab |
411000 |
183835 |
Rajasthan |
915000 |
72132 |
Sikkim |
7300 |
9044 |
Tamil
Nadu |
615000 |
223618 |
Telangana |
- |
19694 |
Tripura |
28000 |
3688 |
Uttar
Pradesh |
1938000 |
440385 |
Uttarakhand |
83000 |
363615 |
West
Bengal |
695000 |
972 |
A&N
Islands |
2200 |
97 |
Chandigarh |
1400 |
169 |
Dadra
& Nagar Haveli |
2000 |
681 |
Daman
& Diu |
- |
0 |
Lakshdweep |
- |
0 |
Delhi/
New Delhi |
12900 |
578 |
Puducherry |
4300 |
17541 |
KVIC
Mumbai |
- |
0 |
TOTAL : |
12339300 |
50,28,340* |
* Figures to be firmed up for
some of the States after receipt of audited figures.
Biogas plants
are reliable source of decentralized Renewable Energy for heating, cooking as
well as generating electricity/ power generation and thermal energy application
alternatives in our country. In order to promote
this Decentralized Renewable Energy Source (DRES) of
power generation, specifically in the small
capacity range (3 kW to 250 kW) and thermal energy for heating/cooling
from the biogas produced from Biogas plants of 30 M3 to
2500 M3 size, operated
based on the availability of required quantity of biodegradable
organic waste(s).
The
organic bio-degradable wastes from various sources such as cattle
dung/ animal wastes, food & kitchen waste, poultry dropping waste,
agro-industry waste etc. are the feed stock for Biogas plants. These plants are
especially beneficial for meeting Off-grid Power requirements for individual
dairy and poultry plants, dairy co-operatives for operation of dairy equipment
and other electrical, thermal and cooling energy requirements for plant
operation. The installations of such biogas systems replaces diesel in DG sets
and also reduce the electricity bills of the individual farmers/ beneficiary,
entrepreneurs, dairy farmer, dairy co-operatives thereby helping to increase
the income of farmers/ end users. The nutreient enriched organic bio-manure is
another stream of income generation from biogas projects and at the same time
saving in the expenditure of chemical fertilizers by reduction of use of
chemical fertilizers and other profitable ventures like organic farming.
7.2 Achievements so far under the BPP/BPGTP programmes:
The Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy after implementing the programme on community/ institutional
Biogas plants successfully, turned the focus towards setting up of medium size
biogas plants for generation of electricity and/or use of biogas for various
thermal and cooling application. A scheme was designed and launched in the year
2006-07 for Biogas based Power Generation (Off-grid). Since then, a total of
389 power projects have been commissioned up to 2018-19 (31.03.2019).
STATE WISE CUMULATIVE ACHIEVEMENTS UNDER
BIOGAS POWER (OFF-GRID) PROGRAMME UP TO 2018-19 (FINALIZED AS ON 31.03.2019)
S.No |
Name of
the state |
Installed |
||
|
|
Nos |
M3 |
kW |
1 |
Andhra Pradesh |
34 |
4320 |
481 |
2 |
Gujrat |
2 |
285 |
30 |
3 |
Haryana |
3 |
2540 |
155 |
4 |
Karnataka |
70 |
15670 |
1581.5 |
5 |
Maharashtra |
68 |
11690 |
1257.5 |
6 |
Punjab |
41 |
9980 |
1035 |
7 |
Rajasthan |
2 |
120 |
15 |
8 |
Tamil Nadu |
52 |
30360 |
2853.5 |
9 |
Uttarakhand |
17 |
1070 |
124 |
10 |
Uttar Pradesh |
30 |
4400 |
591 |
11 |
Madhya Pradesh |
6 |
735 |
70 |
12 |
Kerala |
36 |
1010 |
118 |
13 |
West Bengal |
1 |
340 |
60 |
14 |
Odisha |
2 |
60 |
10 |
15 |
Telangana |
25 |
5410 |
574 |
|
|
389 |
87990 |
8951.5 |
7.3 Biogas plants installed
under the scheme meets the electrical or thermal requirements of the
beneficiaries and dairy farmers and other organizations. It is used for milk
chilling applications and other general applications such as pumping, lighting,
irrigation as well as cooking. The farmers can also sell out surplus biogas/
electricity to his neighbours in off-grid mode.
Impact
of biogas power plants:
Based on the data reported and
evaluation done through third party study, the overall impact of the programme
implementation was observed to be encouraging. As revealed from the table given
below, for a case study of 45 Biogas plants and extrapolated for 163 projects,
Paramter
Values*
Total
No. of Plants |
163 |
Annual
Energy Cost Savings (In Rs. Lakhs) |
787 |
Annual
CO2 Savings (In Tons) |
9587 |
Annual
Bio-manure Production (In Tons) |
32582 |
Direct
Employment (Man-days) |
63438 |
In-Direct
Employment (Man-days) |
56894 |
7.4.
Implementation of BPGTP:



